Simple Prototype Skeleton Mac OS

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• Simple Prototype Skeleton Mac Os 8

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POA model, transientserver

This document is a high-level overview of how to create acomplete CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture)application using IDL (Interface Definiton Language) to defineinterfaces and the Java IDL compiler to generate stubs andskeletons. For more information on the development process, and amore detailed tutorial on creating a CORBA application using IDL,see Getting Started with Java IDL: The HelloWorld Tutorial. You can also create CORBA application bydefining the interfaces in the Java programming language. For moreinformation and a tutorial on this development process, see theJava RMI-IIOPdocumentation.

In this release of Java SE, the server-side implementationgenerated by the idlj compiler is the Portable ServantInheritance Model, also known as the POA model. The POA, orPortable Object Adapter, is discussed in more detail in Portable Object Adapter. This document presents asample application created using the default behavior of theidlj compiler, which uses a POA server-side model.

CORBA supports at least two different server-side mappings forimplementing an IDL interface:

• The Inheritance Model

  Using the Inheritance Model, you implement the IDL interfaceusing an implementation class that also extends thecompiler-generated skeleton.

  Inheritance models include:

  • The OMG-standard, POA. Given an interface Mydefined in My.idl, the file MyPOA.java isgenerated by the idlj compiler. You must provide theimplementation for My and it must inherit fromMyPOA, a stream-based skeleton that extends org.omg.PortableServer.Servant, which serves as the base class for all POA servantimplementations.
  • ImplBase. Given an interface My defined inMy.idl, the file _MyImplBase.java is generated.You must provide the implementation for My and it mustinherit from _MyImplBase.

    NOTE: ImplBase is deprecated in favor of thePOA model, but is provided to allow compatibility with serverswritten in J2SE 1.3 and prior. We do not recommend creating newservers using this nonstandard model.

• The Delegation Model

  Using the Delegation Model, you implement the IDL interfaceusing two classes:

  • An IDL-generated Tie class that inherits from thecompiler-generated skeleton, but delegates all calls to animplementation class.
  • A class that implements the IDL-generated operations interface(such as HelloOperations), which defines the IDLfunction.

  The Delegation model is also known as the Tie model, orthe Tie Delegation model. It inherits from either the POA orImplBase compiler-generated skeleton, so the models will bedescribed as POA/Tie or ImplBase/Tie models in this document.

This tutorial presents the POA Inheritance model for server-sideimplementation. For tutorials using the other server-sideimplementations, see the following documents:

• Java IDL: The 'Hello World'Example with the POA/Tie Server-Side Model

  The Tie Model is a delegation model. Use the idljcompiler to first generate server-side bindings. Then, run theidlj compiler a second time with the with the-fallTie option to generate Tie model server-sidebindings. For the interface Hello,HelloPOATie.java is one of the generated files. Theconstructor to HelloPOATie takes a delegate or adelegate and a poa. You must provide theimplementation for delegate and/or the poa, butthe delegate does not have to inherit from any other class, onlythe interface HelloOperations. For more information, referto the IDL to Java LanguageMapping Specification.

  You might want to use the Tie model instead of the typicalInheritance model if your implementation must inherit from someother implementation. Java allows any number of interfaceinheritance, but there is only one slot for class inheritance. Ifyou use the inheritance model, that slot is used up . By using theTie Model, that slot is freed up for your own use. The drawback isthat it introduces a level of indirection: one extra method calloccurs when invoking a method.

• Java IDL: The 'Hello World'Example with the ImplBase Server-Side Model

  The ImplBase server-side model is an Inheritance Model, as isthe POA model. Use the idlj compiler with the-oldImplBase flag to generate server-side bindings thatare compatible with versions of Java IDL prior to J2SE 1.4. Givenan interface Hello defined in Hello.idl, the file_HelloImplBase.java is generated. You must provide theimplementation for Hello and it must inherit from_HelloImplBase.

  Note that using the -oldImplBase flag isnon-standard: these APIs are being deprecated. You would use thisflag ONLY for compatibility with existing servers written in J2SE1.3 or earlier. In that case, you would need to modify an existingMAKEFILE to add the -oldImplBase flag to the idljcompiler, otherwise POA-based server-side mappings will begenerated.

This document contains:

Simple Prototype Skeleton Mac Os Download

• The example code for thisapplication
• The IDL for a simple 'Hello World'program
• A server that creates an object andpublishes it with the naming service using the default server-sideimplementation (POA)
• An application client that knows theobject's name, retrieves a reference for it from the namingservice, and invokes the object
• Instructions for compiling andrunning the example

To create this example, create a directory named hello/where you develop sample applications and create the files in thisdirectory, or download the example code andunzip it into your sample applications directory.

Defining the Interface(Hello.idl)

The first step to creating a CORBA application is to specify allof your objects and their interfaces using the OMG's InterfaceDefinition Language (IDL). IDL has a syntax similar to C++ and canbe used to define modules, interfaces, data structures, and more.The IDL can be mapped to a variety of programming languages. TheIDL mapping for Java is summarized in IDL to Java Language MappingSummary.

The following code is written in the OMG IDL, and describes aCORBA object whose sayHello() operation returns a stringand whose shutdown() method shuts down the ORB. To learnmore about OMG IDL Syntax and Semantics, read Chapter 3 of theCORBA2.3.1 Specification.

Hello.idl

NOTE: When writing codein OMG IDL, do not use an interface name as the name of a module.Doing so runs the risk of getting inconsistent results whencompiling with tools from different vendors, thereby jeopardizingthe code's portability. For example, code containing the same namescould be compiled with the IDL to Java compiler from SunMicrosystems and get one result. The same code compiled withanother vendor's IDL to Java compiler could produce a differentresult.

To complete the application, you simply provide the server(HelloServer.java) and client(HelloClient.java) implementations.

Implementing the Server(HelloServer.java)

The example server consists of two classes, the servant and theserver. The servant, HelloImpl, is the implementation ofthe Hello IDL interface; each Hello instance isimplemented by a HelloImpl instance. The servant is asubclass of HelloPOA, which is generated by theidlj compiler from the example IDL. The servant containsone method for each IDL operation, in this example, thesayHello() and shutdown() methods. Servantmethods are just like ordinary Java methods; the extra code to dealwith the ORB, with marshaling arguments and results, and so on, isprovided by the skeleton.

The HelloServer class has the server's main()method, which:

• Creates and initializes an ORB instance
• Gets a reference to the root POA and activates thePOAManager
• Creates a servant instance (the implementation of one CORBAHello object) and tells the ORB about it
• Gets a CORBA object reference for a naming context in which toregister the new CORBA object
• Gets the root naming context
• Registers the new object in the naming context under the name'Hello'
• Waits for invocations of the new object from the client

This example provides an example of a transient object server.For an example of the 'Hello World' program with a persistentobject server, see Example 2: HelloWorld with Persistent State. For more discussion of CORBAservers, see DevelopingServers.

For more discussion of the code, see the detailed tutorial topicGetting Started with Java IDL:Developing a Hello World Server.

HelloServer.java

Implementing the ClientApplication (HelloClient.java)

The example application client that follows:

• Creates and initializes an ORB
• Obtains a reference to the root naming context
• Looks up 'Hello' in the naming context and receives a referenceto that CORBA object
• Invokes the object's sayHello() andshutdown() operations and prints the result

For more discussion of the details of the code, see Getting Started with Java IDL: Developing aClient Application.

HelloClient.java

Building and RunningHello World

Despite its simple design, the Hello World program lets youlearn and experiment with all the tasks required to develop almostany CORBA program that uses static invocation. Staticinvocation, which uses a client stub for the invocation and aserver skeleton for the service being invoked, is used when theinterface of the object is known at compile time. If the interfaceis not known at compile time, dynamic invocation must be used.

This example requires a naming service, which is a CORBA servicethat allows CORBAobjects to be named by means of binding a name to an objectreference. The namebinding may be stored in the naming service, and a client maysupply the name to obtain the desired object reference. The twooptions for Naming Services shipped with this release of Java SEinclude orbd (Solaris, Linux, or Mac OS X or Windows), a daemon processcontaining a Bootstrap Service, a Transient Naming Service, aPersistent Naming Service, and a Server Manager, andtnameserv (Solaris, Linux, or Mac OS X or Windows), a transientnaming service that is provided for backward compatibility. Thisexample uses orbd.

When running this example, remember that, when using Solarissoftware, you must become root to start a process on a port under1024. For this reason, we recommend that you use a port numbergreater than or equal to 1024. The -ORBInitialPort optionis used to override the default port number in this example. Thefollowing instructions assume you can use port 1050 for theJava IDL Object Request Broker Daemon, orbd. You cansubstitute a different port if necessary. When running theseexamples on a Windows machine, subtitute a backslash () in pathnames.

To run this client-server application on your developmentmachine:

Simple Prototype Skeleton Mac Os 8

1. Change to the directory that contains the fileHello.idl.
2. Run the IDL-to-Java compiler, idlj, on the IDL file tocreate stubs and skeletons. This step assumes that you haveincluded the path to the java/bin directory in your path.
   

   You must use the -fall option with the idljcompiler to generate both client and server-side bindings. Thiscommand line will generate the default server-side bindings, whichassumes the POA Inheritance server-side model. For more informationon the idlj options, see the man page for idlj(Solaris, Linux, or Mac OS X or Windows).

   The idlj compiler generates a number of files. Theactual number of files generated depends on the options selectedwhen the IDL file is compiled. The generated files provide standardfunctionality, so you can ignore them until it is time to deployand run your program. The files generated by the idljcompiler for Hello.idl, with the -fall commandline option, are:

   • HelloPOA.java

     This abstract class is the stream-based server skeleton, providingbasic CORBA functionality for the server. It extends org.omg.PortableServer.Servant , and implements the InvokeHandler interfaceand the HelloOperations interface. The server classHelloImpl extends HelloPOA.

   • _HelloStub.java

     This class is the client stub, providing CORBAfunctionality for the client. It extendsorg.omg.CORBA.portable.ObjectImpl and implements theHello.java interface.

   • Hello.java

     This interface contains the Java version of our IDL interface.The Hello.java interface extendsorg.omg.CORBA.Object, providing standard CORBA objectfunctionality. It also extends the HelloOperationsinterface and org.omg.CORBA.portable.IDLEntity.

   • HelloHelper.java

     This class provides auxiliary functionality, notably thenarrow() method required to cast CORBA object references totheir proper types.The Helper class is responsible for reading andwriting the data type to CORBA streams, and inserting andextracting the data type from Anys. The Holder classdelegates to the methods in the Helper class for reading andwriting.

   • HelloHolder.java

     This final class holds a public instance member of typeHello. Whenever the IDL type is an out or aninout parameter, the Holder class is used. It providesoperations for org.omg.CORBA.portable.OutputStream andorg.omg.CORBA.portable.InputStream arguments, which CORBAallows, but which do not map easily to Java's semantics. The Holderclass delegates to the methods in the Helper class for reading andwriting. It implementsorg.omg.CORBA.portable.Streamable.

   • HelloOperations.java

     This interface contains the methods sayHello() andshutdown(). The IDL-to-Java mapping puts all of theoperations defined on the IDL interface into this file, which isshared by both the stubs and skeletons.

3. Compile the .java files, including the stubs andskeletons (which are in the directory HelloApp). This stepassumes the java/bin directory is included in your path.
4. Start orbd.

   To start orbd from a Solaris, Linux, or Mac OS X command shell, enter:

   From an MS-DOS system prompt (Windows), enter:

   Note that 1050 is the port on which you want the nameserver to run. The -ORBInitialPort argument is a requiredcommand-line argument. Note that when using Solaris software, youmust become root to start a process on a port under 1024. For thisreason, we recommend that you use a port number greater than orequal to 1024.

   For an example of how to run this program on two machines, seeRunning the Hello WorldProgram on 2 machines.

5. Start the Hello server:

   To start the Hello server from a Solaris, Linux, or Mac OS X command shell, enter:

   From an MS-DOS system prompt (Windows), enter:

   You will see HelloServer ready and waiting... when theserver is started.

   For this example, you can omit -ORBInitialHostlocalhost since the name server is running on the same host asthe Hello server. If the name server is running on a differenthost, use -ORBInitialHostnameserverhost tospecify the host on which the IDL name server is running.

   Specify the name server (orbd) port as done in theprevious step, for example, -ORBInitialPort 1050.

6. Run the client application:

   When the client is running, you will see a response such as thefollowing on your terminal: Obtained a handle on serverobject: IOR: (binary code) Hello World! HelloServerexiting...

   For this example, you can omit -ORBInitialHostlocalhost since the name server is running on the same host asthe Hello client. If the name server is running on a differenthost, use -ORBInitialHostnameserverhost tospecify the host on which the IDL name server is running.

   Specify the name server (orbd) port as done in theprevious step, for example, -ORBInitialPort 1050.

When you have finished this tutorial, be sure to shut down orkill the name server (orbd). To do this from a DOS prompt,select the window that is running the server and enterCtrl+C to shut it down. To do this from a shell on Solaris,Linux, or Mac OS X, findthe process, and kill it. The server will continue to wait forinvocations until it is explicitly stopped.

Running the HelloWorld Application on Two Machines describes one way ofdistributing the simple application across two machines - a clientand a server.

Simple Prototype Skeleton Mac OS